Kentucky Ear, Nose & Throat

What Is Vertigo?

What Is Motion Sickness and Sea Sickness?

The Anatomy of Balance

• The eyes, which monitor where the body is in space and also directions of motion.
• The skin pressure receptors such as in the joints and spine, which tell what part of the body is down and touching the ground.
• The muscle and joint sensory receptors, which tell what parts of the body of moving.
• The central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), which processes and coordinates all the bits of information from the four other systems.
• The symptoms of motion sickness and dizziness appear when the central nervous system receives conflicting messages from the other four systems. For example, suppose you are riding through a storm, and your airplane is being tossed about by air turbulence. But your eyes do not detect all this motion because all you see is the inside of the airplane. Then your brain receives messages that do not match with each other. You might become "air sick.”

Or, to use a true medical condition as an example, suppose you suffer inner ear damage on only one side from a head injury or an infection. The damaged inner ear does not send the same signals as the healthy ear. This gives conflicting signals to the brain about the sensation of rotation, and you could suffer a sense of spinning, vertigo and nausea.
 

What Medical Conditions Cause Dizziness?

Circulation
If your brain does not get enough blood flow, you feel light headed. Almost everyone has experienced this on occasion when standing up quickly. But some people have light headedness from poor circulation on a frequent basis. This could be caused by arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), and it is commonly seen in patients who have high blood pressure, diabetes or high levels of blood fats (cholesterol). It is sometimes seen in patients with inadequate heart function or with anemia.

Certain drugs also decrease the blood flow to the brain, especially stimulants such as nicotine and caffeine and excess salt in the diet can lead to poor circulation as well. Sometimes circulation is impaired by spasms in the arteries caused by emotional stress, anxiety, and tension.

If the inner ear fails to receive enough blood flow, the more specific type of dizziness or vertigo occurs. The inner ear is extremely sensitive to minor alterations of blood flow and all of the causes mentioned for poor circulation to the brain also apply specifically to the inner ear.

Head Injury
A skull fracture that damages the inner ear produces a profound and incapacitating vertigo with nausea and hearing loss. The dizziness will last for several weeks, then slowly improve as the other side takes over.

Infection
Viruses, such as those causing the common "cold” or "flu,” can attack the inner ear and its nerve connections to the brain. This can result in severe vertigo, but hearing is usually spared. However, a bacterial infection such as mastoiditis that extends into the inner ear can damage both the hearing and the equilibrium function of that ear. The severity of dizziness and recovery time will be similar to that of skull fracture.

Allergy
Some people experience dizziness and/or vertigo attacks when they are exposed to foods or airborne particles (such as dust, molds, pollens, danders, etc.) to which they are allergic.

Neurological diseases:
A number of diseases of the nerves can affect balance, such as multiple sclerosis, syphilis, tumors, etc. These are uncommon cases, but your physician may consider them during the examination.
 

What Will the Physician Do for My Dizziness?

The physician will ask you to describe your dizziness, whether it is light headedness or a sensation of motion, how long and how often the dizziness has troubled you, how long a dizzy episode lasts and whether it is associated with hearing loss or nausea and vomiting. You might be asked for circumstances that might bring on a dizzy spell. You will need to answer questions about your general health, any medicines you are taking, head injuries, recent infections and other questions about you ear and neurological system.

Your physician will examine your ears, nose, and throat and conduct tests for nerve and balance function. Because the inner ear controls both balance and hearing, disorders of balance often affect hearing and vice versa. Therefore, your physician will probably recommend hearing tests (audiograms). Your physician may also order skull X-rays, a CT or MRI scan of your head, or special tests of eye motion after warm or cold water is used to stimulate the inner ear (ENG-electronystagmography). In some cases, blood tests or a cardiology (heart) evaluation might be recommended.

Not every patient will require each test. The physician’s judgment will be based on each particular patient. Similarly, the treatments recommended by your physician will depend on the diagnosis.
 

What Can I Do to Reduce Dizziness?

• Avoid rapid changes in position, especially from lying down to standing up or turning around from one side to the other
• Avoid extremes of head motion (especially looking up) or rapid head motion (especially turning or twisting)
• Eliminate or decrease use of products that impair circulation, such as nicotine, caffeine and salt
• Minimize your exposure to circumstances that precipitate your dizziness, such as stress and anxiety or allergens
• Avoid hazardous activities when you are dizzy, such as driving an automobile, operating dangerous equipment or climbing a step ladder

 

What Can I Do For Motion Sickness?

• Always ride where your eyes will see the same motion that your body and inner ears feel, sit in the front seat of the car and look at the distant scenery, go up on the deck of the ship and watch the horizon, sit by the window of the air plane and look outside. In an airplane choose a seat over the wings where the motion is the least.
• Do not read while traveling if you are subject to motion sickness and do not sit in a seat facing backward.
• Do not watch or talk to another traveler who is having motion sickness.
• Avoid strong odors and spicy or greasy foods immediately before and during your travel.
• Take medicine for motion sickness before your travel begins, as recommended by your physician.

Some of these medications can be purchased without a prescription (i.e., Dramamine®, Bonine®, Marezine®). Stronger medicines such as tranquilizers and nervous system depressants will require a prescription from your physician.
 

Remember: Most cases of dizziness and motion sickness are mild and self-treatable disorders. But, severe cases and those that become progressively worse, need the attention of a physician with specialized skills in diseases of the ear, nose, throat, equilibrium and neurological system.